Branches of Psychology Essay

Abnormal psychology is the area that looks at psychopathology and abnormal behavior. 2. Behavioral Psychology (Behaviorism) )Is a theory of learning based upon the idea that all behaviors are acquired through conditioning. 3. Biopsychology It is focused on the study of how the brain influences behavior is often known as biopsychology. 4. Cognitive Psychology Focuses on internal states, such as motivation, problem solving, decision-making, thinking and attention. 5. Comparative Psychology Comparative psychology is the branch of psychology concerned with the study of animal behavior. 6. Cross-Cultural Psychology Branch of psychology that looks at how cultural factors influence human behavior. 7. Developmental PsychologyThis branch of psychology looks at development throughout the lifespan, from childhood to adulthood. 8. Educational PsychologyBranch of psychology concerned with schools, teaching psychology, educational issues and student concerns. 9. Experimental PsychologyBranch of psychology that utilizes scientific methods to research the brain and behavior. 10. Forensic PsychologyForensic psychology is a specialty area that deals with issues related to psychology and the law 11. Health PsychologyIt is focused on how biology, psychology, behavior and social factors influence health and illness. 12. Personality PsychologyIt is focused on the patterns of thoughts, feelings, and behavior that make a person unique. 13. Social PsychologySocial psychology seeks to explain and understand social behavior and looks at diverse topics. 4. Sports psychology Is a interdisciplinary science that draws on knowledge from the fields of Kinesiology (human kinetic) and Psychology. Mathematical psychology   Is an approach to  psychological  research that is based on mathematical modeling(mathematical concept and language) 16. Clinical psychology Clinical psychology also promotes adoption, adjustment and personal development. 17. Evolutionary psychology This looks at how human behavior has been affected by psychological adjustments during evolution. 8. NeuropsychologyStudy the structure and function of the brain in relation to clear behaviors and psychological processes. 19. Occupational psychology Study the performance of people at work. 20. Integral psychology  Branch of psychology that presents an all-encompassing holistic rather than an exclusivist or reductive approach 21. International  or  global psychology Is an emerging branch of  psychology  that focuses on the worldwide enterprise of psychology in terms of communication and networking. 22. Legal psychologyBranch of psychology  involves  empirical,  psychological  research of the law, legal institutions, and people who come into contact with the law. 23. Media psychology Seeks an understanding of how people perceive, interpret, use, and respond to a media-rich world. 24. Systems psychology Branch of both  theoretical psychology  and  applied psychology  that studies  human behaviour  and  experiencein  complex systems. 25. Theoretical psychology  It is concerned with theoretical and philosophical aspects of the discipline of  psychology.

Cost Allocation

Cost allocation for indirect costs Cost Pool – Set of costs that are added together before being allocated to cost objects on some common basis Cost Driver/ Allocation base Cost Object Cost Driver Rate = Total Costs in Pool/ Total Quantity of Driver Where total quantity of driver = practical capacity of driver Cost of excess capacity = Cost Driver Rate * Excess capacity Predetermined overhead rate – cost per unit of the allocation base used to charge overhead to products. Predetermined overhead rate=Estimated overhead/Estimated allocation base One-stage allocation system Single cost pool – Entire manufacturing overhead * Single allocation base / cost driver-Direct materials cost/ Direct labor hours/ Direct labor cost/ Machine hours/ etc. * Predetermined Overhead Rate or Burden rate = Total manufacturing overhead / X * Where X = Total Direct materials cost or Total Direct labor hours or Total Direct labor cost or Total machine hours used * Total product costs of A = Direct materials cost + Direct labor cost + allocated overhead cost where allocated overhead = Burden rate * # of machine hours used by ADisadvantage: Assumes that all products consume direct labor (or other driver) and overhead in the same proportion. Two-stage allocation system and Product Costing Overhead costs are divided into different cost pools. Each cost pool has a cost driver (allocation base). * Split manufacturing overhead into more than one cost pool (e. g. create 2 cost pools whose costs add up to total manufacturing overhead cost) * Calculate burden rate Cost pools| Cost Drivers|Overhead related to direct materials| Direct materials Cost| Overhead related to direct labor hours| Direct labor hours| Overhead related to direct labor cost| Direct labor cost| Overhead related to machine-hours| Machine hours| Advantage: * Provides most accurate cost information * Cost system captures differences in the way overhead is consumed in different parts of the production process Disadvantage: * Cost of the system redesign may be high. The selection of an optimal cost system is based on trade-offs between increased accuracy and the cost of system redesign.Predetermined Overhead Rate or Burden rate = Overhead cost related to direct materials/ Total Direct materials cost OR Overhead cost related to direct labor hours/ Total Direct labor hours OR Overhead cost related to direct labor cost/ Total Direct labor cost OR Overhead cost related to machine hours/ Total machine hours used Total product costs of A = Direct materials cost + Direct labor cost + allocated overhead cost where allocated overhead = Burden rate per machine hour * # of machine hours used by A + Burden rate per direct labor $ * direct labor cost of ADepartmental overhead rate – Rates based on a department's direct and indirect overhead costs and some measure of the department's activity, such as the department's machine hours. Departmental rates are more accurate than plant-wide rates when a company manufactures diverse products requiring a variety of processes. Allocate overhead on a plantwide basis using machine hours – Burden rate per machine hour = total overhead costs of all departments/ total machine hours used by all departmentsAllocate overhead using department rate with machine hours as the allocation base – Burden rate per machine hour = Overhead costs of a department/ Machine hours used by that department Activity Based Costing 1. Identify activities, and identify overhead costs for each activity 2. Identify the cost drivers for each activity 3. Compute cost driver rates (cost per driver unit)= activity overhead cost/ total driver volume 4. Allocate costs to cost objects Overhead costs allocated to A = cost driver 1 rate * cost driver 1 volume for A + cost driver 2 rate * cost driver 2 volume for AABC Costs and Benefits Costs are very high if: †¢ You have a large number of activities, none of which dominate †¢ You do not know/unders tand your activities †¢ Your activities are changing quickly and dramatically †¢ You do not have any sort of ERP system in place Benefit: * Detailed Cost break-down at activity level can manage costs at activity level, or charge customers for their activity use * More accurate information * Flexibility in Choice of Cost objects * Flexibility in Types of Companies/Organizations this works for such as Product companies, Services, Non-profitsSymptoms of faulty accounting system †¢ The outcome of bids is difficult to explain †¢ Customers do not complain about price increases †¢ Competitors’ prices appear unrealistically low †¢ Profit margins are hard to explain †¢ Products those are difficult to produce show high profits †¢ Operational mgrs want to drop products that appear profitable †¢ Some departments are using their own accounting system †¢ The accounting department spends a lot of time on special projects †¢ Product cost s change because of changes in financial reporting RegulationsCommon Cost Allocation Systems Plantwide/Company-wide Cost System (â€Å"Peanut-Butter†) – Typically 1 cost pool – â€Å"burden rate† based on 1 cost driver (1 stage†¦) Department Allocation Method – Typically 1 cost pool per department – cost driver for each department (testing rooms in Seligram) 2-stage Cost System with Logical Cost Pools – Typically at least 1 cost pool per department, but might split more carefully (For example, what if Seligram’s electronic and mechanical testing had all been in 1 room? ) Direct cost can be directly traced to specific cost objects, in an economically feasible way. Example: direct materials, direct labor, etc. * One-stage costing system (â€Å"Peanut butter†): pool all indirect costs together, use a single cost driver. inaccurate. * The Seligram case: in the original costing system, â€Å"burden was grouped into a si ngle cost pool†, they use a single cost driver â€Å"testing and engineering labor dollars† * Two-stage costing system: first stage, costs are traced/allocated to cost pools (at least two).Second stage, costs are allocated from cost pools to cost objects using cost drivers. * The more cost pools, the more accurate your cost numbers, but the more costly to track. * The Seligram case: the costing system proposed by the accounting managers is a two-stage system. * Stage 1: burden is traced to two pools: (1) burden related to admin and technical functions; (2) all other burden costs * Stage 2: pool 1 will be charged on a rate per direct labor dollar. Pool 2 would be charged based on machine hours. Sometimes firms are already using two-stage costing, but they need to add new cost pools. * Add a new category * Divide current pool into subcategories * The formula for cost driver rates: total costs in pool / total quantity of driver * Activity-Based Costing system: 1 cost pool for each major activity performed in the company. * Idea is that resource usage is homogeneous within each activity, so the allocation is more accurate. * Disadvantage of ABC system: costly. * When NOT to use ABC system: when activities change quickly, when there is no ERP system in place

The Silver Linings Playbook Chapter 5

Got Nothin' but Love for Ya Dr. Patel's secretary turns off the radio as soon as she sees me walk into the waiting room, which makes me laugh because she tries to do it casually, as if I won't notice. She looks scared, turning the knob so gingerly – the way people do things after they have seen one of my episodes, as if I am no longer human, but some wild hulking animal. After a brief wait, I meet with Cliff for my second session, like I will every Friday for the foreseeable future. I pick brown this time, and we sit in his leather recliners among the clouds, talking about how much we like women and â€Å"kicking it like we do,† which is another one of Danny's sayings. Cliff asks me if I like my new meds, and I tell him I do, even though I really have not noticed any effects at all and have only taken about half the pills my mother gave me last week – hiding a few under my tongue and spitting them into the toilet when she leaves me alone. He asks me if I have experienced any unwanted side effects – shortness of breath, loss of appetite, drowsiness, suicidal feelings, homicidal feelings, loss of virility, anxiety, itchiness, diarrhea – and I tell him I haven't. â€Å"What about hallucinations?† he says, and then leans forward a little, squinting. â€Å"Hallucinations?† I ask. â€Å"Hallucinations.† I shrug, say I don't think I have hallucinated, and he tells me I would know if I had. â€Å"Tell your mother if you see anything bizarre or horrifying,† he says, â€Å"but don't worry, because you probably will not hallucinate. Only a very small percentage of people hallucinate while taking this combination of meds.† I nod and promise I will report any hallucinations to my mother, but I do not really believe I will hallucinate no matter what type of drugs he gives me, especially since I know he will not be giving me LSD or anything like that. I figure weaker people probably complain about their drugs, but I am not weak and can control my mind pretty well. I am in the basement doing shots of water, taking my three-minute break between crunches on the Stomach Master 6000 and leg lifts on the weight bench, when I smell the unmistakable buttery flavor of my mother's crabby snacks and I start to salivate unmercifully. Because I love crabby snacks, I leave the basement, enter the kitchen, and see that my mother is not only baking crabby snacks, which are buttered crabmeat and orange cheese on English muffins, but she is also making her homemade three-meats pizza – hamburger, sausage, and chicken – and those buffalo wings she gets from Big Foods. â€Å"Why are you cooking crabby snacks?† I ask hopefully, because I know from past experience that she only cooks crabby snacks when we are having company. Nikki loves crabby snacks and will eat a whole plate if you set it in front of her, and then she will complain later on the ride home, saying she is feeling fat because she has eaten too much. Back when I was emotionally abusive, I used to tell her that I did not want to hear her complaints every time she ate too much. But the next time Nikki eats too many crabby snacks, I am going to tell her she did not eat too much and that she looks too skinny anyway; I'll say she needs to gain a few pounds because I like my women looking like women and not like â€Å"Ms. Six O'Clock – straight up, straight down,† which is another term I learned from Danny. And I do hope my mother's making crabby snacks signifies that apart time is over because Nikki is on her way to my parents' house, which seems like the best coming-home surprise my mother could cook up – and as Mom is always trying to do nice things for me and my brother, I mentally prepare myself to be reunited with Nikki. My heart pounds at least fifty times during the few seconds it takes for my mother to answer my question. â€Å"The Eagles are playing the Steelers tonight in a preseason exhibition game,† my mother says, which is weird because Mom has always hated sports and barely knows that football season is in the fall, let alone what teams are playing on a given day. â€Å"Your brother is coming over to watch the game with you and your father.† My heart starts beating even faster because I have not seen my brother since shortly after apart time began, and like my father, he said some really awful things about Nikki the last time we talked. â€Å"Jake is looking forward to seeing you, and you know how much your father loves the Eagles. I can't wait to have all three of my men gathered around the couch again, just like old times.† My mother smiles at me so hard I think she is going to break out in tears again, so I turn around and go back into the basement to do knuckle push-ups until my pecs burn and I can no longer feel my knuckles. Knowing that I will probably not be allowed to go for my run later, because we are having a family night, I put on a trash bag and run early, passing my high school friends' homes; passing St. Joseph's, which is the Catholic church I used to attend; passing Collingswood High School (class of 89 rules!) and the house my grandparents used to own by the park before they died. My old best friend sees me when I run past his new house on Virginia Avenue. Ronnie is just getting home from work, walking from his car to his front door, when I pass him on the sidewalk. He looks me in the eyes, and after I have passed, he yells, â€Å"Pat Peoples? Is that you? Pat! Hey!† I run even harder, because my brother, Jake, is coming to talk to me; Jake does not believe in happy endings, and I do not have the emotional wherewithal to deal with Ronnie right now, because he never once came to visit Nikki and me in Baltimore, although he promised so many times. Nikki used to call Ronnie â€Å"whipped,† saying that his wife, Veronica, â€Å"keeps Ronnie's social calendar where she keeps his balls – in her purse.† Nikki told me that Ronnie would never visit me in Baltimore, and she was right. He never visited me in the bad place either, but he used to write me letters about how great his daughter, Emily, was and I guess is, although I have not yet met Emily to verify the letters. When I return home, Jake's car is there – a fancy silver BMW, which sort of implies that my brother is doing well now when it comes to â€Å"pockets getting fatter,† as Danny says. So I sneak in the back door and run up the steps to the shower. After I wash and put on clean clothes, I take a deep breath and follow the sound of conversation to the living room. Jake stands when he sees me. He has on fancy pants, lined with charcoal pinstripes, and a robin's-egg blue polo shirt that is formfitting enough to show that he is still pretty fit. He is also wearing a watch with diamonds all over the face, which Danny would call Jake's bling-bling. My brother's hair has thinned a little too, but his head is gelled and looks swanky. â€Å"Pat?† he says. â€Å"Didn't I say you wouldn't recognize him?† Mom says. â€Å"You look like Arnold Schwarzenegger.† He feels my bicep, which I absolutely hate because I don't like to be touched by anyone except Nikki. Since he's my brother, I don't say anything. â€Å"You're frickin' ripped,† he adds. I look at the floor, because I remember what he said about Nikki – I am still mad about that – and yet I am also happy to see my brother after not seeing him for what feels like forever. â€Å"Listen, Pat. I should have come to see you more in Baltimore, but those places freak me out and I †¦ I †¦ I just couldn't see you like that, okay? Are you mad at me?† I am sort of still mad at Jake, but suddenly I remember another one of Danny's lines that is too appropriate to leave unsaid, so I say, â€Å"Got nothin' but love for ya.† Jake looks at me for a second as if I had punched him in the gut. He blinks a few times almost as if he is going to cry, and then he hugs me with both arms. â€Å"I'm sorry,† he says, and holds me for longer than I like, which isn't very long – unless it's Nikki hugging me. When he lets go, Jake says, â€Å"I got a present for you.† He pulls an Eagles jersey out of a plastic bag and tosses it to me. I hold it up and see it's number 84, which I recognize as a wide receiver's number, but I do not know the name. Isn't that young receiver Freddie Mitchell number 84? I think but do not say, because I don't want to insult my brother, who was nice enough to buy me a present. â€Å"Who's Baskett?† I ask, which is the name on the jersey. â€Å"Undrafted rookie sensation Hank Baskett? He's the preseason story. These jerseys are hot on the streets of Philadelphia. And now you have one to wear to the games this year.† â€Å"Wear to the games?† â€Å"Now that you're home, you're gonna want your old seat back, right?† â€Å"At the Vet?† â€Å"The Vet?† Jake laughs and looks at my mother. My mother looks scared. â€Å"No – at Lincoln Financial Field.† â€Å"What's Lincoln Financial Field?† â€Å"Didn't they let you watch TV in that place? It's the home of the Eagles, the stadium your team's played three seasons in now.† I know Jake is lying to me, but I don't say anything. â€Å"Anyway, you got a seat right next to mine and Scott's. Season tickets, bro. Are you psyched, or what?† â€Å"I don't have any money for season tickets,† I say, because I let Nikki have the house and the cars and the bank accounts when apart time began. â€Å"I got your back.† Jake punches me in the arm. â€Å"I might not have been a good brother for the past few years, but I'm gonna make up for all that now that you're home.† I thank my brother, and then Mom starts crying again. She cries so hard that she has to leave the room, which is weird, since Jake and I are making up and season tickets to the Eagles are quite a nice present – not to mention the jersey. â€Å"Put on your Baskett jersey, bro.† I put it on, and it feels good to be wearing Eagles green, especially a jersey that Jake picked out special for me. â€Å"You wait and see how good your boy Baskett is going to be this year,† Jake says in a strange way, as if my future were somehow linked to the Eagles' rookie wide receiver – Hank Baskett.

Life of Muhammad & The History of Islam Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Life of Muhammad & The History of Islam - Essay Example In his teenage years, he married a widow but did not embrace polygamy. In those days, polygamy was a common occurrence. He developed a habit of visiting a certain cave in which one could only witness the sky and the mountains around. In later years when Muhammad turned forty, he received his first revelation from Allah. This happened in 610 CE and continued for the next twenty-two years. He began preaching the new faith to close people after two years of revelation. Later he started spreading the word to people publicly. However, he received opposition from most idol worshippers in the region. Despite the opposition, he still had many followers who listened and sought advice. The disbelievers, from the tribe of Quraysh, started an operation to stop the spread of Islam. The believers were constantly persecuted. Muhammad saw the suffering of the believers and could sometimes advice them to escape to safer regions. There was a plot to assassinate Muhammad quietly by the tribe of Quraysh but did not succeed. Many believe that a divine intervention saved Muhammad. He later fell ill and died (Allen & Toorawa 4-10). The word Islam in Arabic language means submission. The followers of the religion are referred to as Muslims. The Muslims population is about a billion worldwide (Allen & Toorawa 4). As others believe that Islam began in Mecca, where Prophet Muhammad was born, others believe that it has been in existence since the time of Adam, Abraham and Jesus. The religion is known to start spreading after the death of the last prophet Muhammad. The division after the death of Muhammad led to the formation of two groups. These groups were Shia and Sunni. The Shia believe that Muhammad named a successor, and they follow the authoritative teachings from them. On the other hand, the Sunni rely on the teachings from the hadith. These two groups became the main ones in Islam. They both believe in Quran, and the distinction is only in leadership beliefs. By the end of

Organization and Behavior Paper Term Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Organization and Behavior - Term Paper Example Functional denotes the hierarchy of functions while project denotes the incorporation of complexity unto such. Companies working on areas like project management or specialised areas work based on such organisational structures (Johnson, Scholes, and Whittington 402-403). (NordNet 349) Functional organisation structure helps in the development of different functional teams within the organisation. Knowledge and skill of the different functional groups is enhanced owing to such specialised organisation structure. This type of an organisation structure best works in case of knowledge based organisations or for concerns conducting specialised services (NordNet 349). (NordNet 353) The divisional organisation structure works based on the decentralisation functions where the entire organisational task is allocated among people pertaining to different departments. Consumer relationship activities are enhanced through such organisational structure and it also helps in enhancing the coordinat ion of people belonging to different teams. Divisional organisation structure works best for large organisations. These organisations conduct their activities operating through a large number of people spread along different geographical boundaries. Further the organisations also work to help produce a plethora of products and thus needs both specialisation and coordination (NordNet 353). Answer 2 Wal-Mart operates based on the functional organisation structure such that it works to render specialised services and products to its consumer groups. The company operates based on specialised sets of people working in different formats that focus on rendering products at affordably low prices to the consumers. Procter and Gamble is a leading consumer products concern that works based on a divisional organisation structure. This concern has several global units based in different geographical territories constituted by people belonging to divisions focusing on production and marketing. Th e product division is further subdivided into other subdivisions and also the marketing team is also divided into other marketing development divisions or groups. The organisation culture also promotes large scale interaction between the different divisions (NordNet 349, 350-351). Answer 3 Procter and Gamble through the operation based on separate divisions tends to create a competitive advantage for it to compete effectively against other competitors. The company works on separate product units focusing on sectors like infants, women and family care, fabrics, health and beauty commodities and on other food and beverage items. People working in the product units work together for the enhancement of the brand image pertaining to the different products. Brand enhancement activity of the different product divisions is conducted by linking such with the activities of the marketing development team to gain significant competitive advantage (NordNet 350-351). Organisation and Behaviour-As signment No.1, Part 2 Answer 1 To, Mr. Siddall, John Siddall (Printers) Ltd. As per the observation made a change culture can be

Potential reasons for the increase of gas prices Essay

Potential reasons for the increase of gas prices - Essay Example It is not believed by everyone, but it is a fact that the total quantity of crude oil is not utilized for the production of gasoline. Gasoline is produced by converting only fifty-one percent of an oil barrel. Subsequently, heating oil, jet fuel, refinery gas, and a number of other oil products are produced by rest of the oil barrel. In the result, the role of a high demand commodity is played by the oil, and as oil is not produced by most of the countries, import of oil has been a regular and necessary practice in most parts of the world. (Jaffe, pp. 23-25, 2006) This also results in the increase in the high prices of the oil and gas around the globe. Thus, fluctuation of prices can vary due to the demand and supply of different countries in a global oil and gasoline market. For instance, a flourishing economy has been represented by China, which has resulted in its high requirement of oil, as compared to its oil and gas requirement in the previous years. In the result, crude oil becomes shortage due to an increment in its global demand, and consequently, gasoline, jet fuel, lubricants, and prices of similar products become high. Therefore, increase in the demand of oil in a stabilized and economical country can affect the price of gasoline in other countries of the world. Thus, fluctuation of oil demand and supply is another potential factor that results in the higher prices of gasoline and other oil products in different regions of the planet.

Choose a contemporary issue and offer an equally outrageous solution Essay

Choose a contemporary issue and offer an equally outrageous solution to highlight its importance - Essay Example Induced abortions according to World Health Organization (19) include those that are performed in relation to legal sanctions and those done against the law. The term therapeutic abortion, strictly defined, according to World Health Organization (19) refers to medically indicated abortion for women whose life or health is in danger in the case of continuation of pregnancy or if the health of the unborn child is threatened by congenital or genetic factors. We are faced by this issue of abortion, and it affects ladies mostly. There are various reasons why ladies opt for an abortion. Kim argues that (7) each year throughout the world forty-six million women chose abortion; that means every two seconds three women choose abortion. Even in the U.S., where there are more than 1 million abortions a year. Many ladies say the following reasons as to why they have an abortion. (Kim, 8-10). they have abortions to save their lives, they might have an abortion because rape or incest caused her pr egnancy, she might have health problems, she might be concerned with the health of the fetus, she might be too young to mother a child Abortion has only an advantage when either of the fetus is in danger, or the mother is in danger. The danger may vary from the mother to fetus, but if the mother's condition is in danger, then abortion is advised. There are many benefits to remaining un-pregnant â€Å"advantages of abortion† (Hill) and he continues to write that, there is solid research proving that having an abortion improves a young woman’s educational outcome. Hill provides a report by Battle Creek which says, â€Å"young women frequent state the issue of unplanned pregnancy and its impact on their financial future and educational as some of the key reasons for seeking abortion. Study findings, legitimates concern, for young women who conceive before the age of 21 and opt for an abortion has better educational outcomes compared to those who conceive before age of 21 and do not go for abortion. â€Å"Abortions Among Young Women and Subsequent Life Outcomes,† by David M. Fergusson et al., published in the March 2007 issue of Perceptiveness on Sexual and Reproductive Health, uses longitudinal data from Christ church Health and Development Study in New Zealand to analyze the extent for the decision abort has advantages to a woman† In an article of â€Å"Pros and Cons about Abortion†, it is argued that, many a times’ abortion helps safeguard woman’s health. There are women who suffer from various hazardous medical conditions such as heart disease, kidney, severe hypertension, and sick-cell anemia. These diseases can be life threatening and an abortion can be used to help prevent these conditions from affecting the mother. It continues to give another reason that, in male chauvinist societies, women are considered nothing more than child bearing machines. Therefore, an abortion provides an individual identity to the woman where she can make a decision on the fate of her child. From my own personal view, trying to look at the stated advantages of abortion, I can say that, there is none. Why, because, one is denying another person a life, same to murder, a fetus, even if still in the womb, its living, its life maturing, it is growing, hence abortion cuts short its life. Arguing from the point of; taking away life of a living thing is so wrong according to

Major project Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Major project - Assignment Example Therefore, it seems that the company had a policy of hiring from outside other than promoting its employees. The benefits of promotion from within policy to any firm are many. Promoting employees from within motivates thee employees to do even better, since they feel that their efforts and handwork has been recognized by the employer. It serves to increase the productivity of the employees (Clark, 2003). Furthermore, promoting the employees from within serves to attract potential employees willing to advance in their career path through the organization ladder. Promotion from within policy makes the company adopt a leadership training strategy, where it constantly trains and prepares its employees for future leadership roles in that company. Section II The company runs such an article as a first page cover, since the failure of the Human Resource function has proved so apparent. Since the Human Resource department in any organization is the backbone of the organization, in that it pr ovides the company with the most significant resource, its failure earns the department a bad reputation. The performance appraisals are so time consuming, yet they are not utilized for the benefit of the company or the employees. The departments are very bureaucratic and involve a lot of paper work (Hammonds, 2005). To avoid building such bad reputations, HR should hire the best, nurture their talents and provide favorable working environment for employees. Section III Question 1 The importance of a sound job analysis is to help an organization plan for its labor force requirement, helping the organization hire the best manpower and design an appropriate organizational structure. There are various data analysis tools available. They include: Functional Job Analysis (FJA) tool, applied to discover common elements in different jobs, the competency tool to evaluate the performance of the employees and job scan tool that defines the personality of the workforce (Clark, 2003). Question 2 There are various desired competencies for a successful career. Functional competency is necessary for the acquisition and use of specific skills and experiences desired in any profession. The core non-technical skills such as communication, planning and organizational skills are desired for successful career. In addition, leadership and teamwork skills are essential for any successful career (Peter, 2007). Question 4 An organization benefits from strong ethical cultures, in that it is a core element of fostering unity among the organization’s stakeholders (Peter, 2007). Organizational ethical culture serves to embrace the diversity of an organizations’ religious, political, economic and social perspective of the employees. This serves to enhance productivity among them. Question 5 A firm can implement corporate social responsibility program by indentifying the needs of the society from where it is operating and devising ways of meeting them. The identification of th e environmental conservation measures is yet another way that a firm can identify and implement a corporate social responsibility program (Peter, 2007). Some examples of corporate social responsibility activities undertaken by firms include building infrastructural facilities like roads, constructing social amenity facilities like hospitals and environmental con

Com 4 Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Com 4 - Assignment Example We hire a special class of employees who are dedicated to their work. We test dedication during probation by putting you through a number of jobs which will require you to persevere. If your probationary period goes well, you are hired! 3. Select the job you are interested in and email the job title to us at jobs@companio.com. We will send you an application form; an auto-response. Alternatively you can download the application form from the ‘Contact’ page on our website. 5. We require your CV to be attached. Make sure it is a recent one and has information regarding your recent employments, the latest educational degrees, any certifications you might be taking, hobbies and references. We will reject applications that do not have CVs with these prerequisites. Photographs are optional. 2. Once you are short-listed for the job we will send you an email. If you do not receive an email after a week it is probable that you have not been short-listed. You can still contact the HR on hr@companio.com for you

GUN CONTROL Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

GUN CONTROL - Essay Example Therefore, this paper will focus on the importance of gun control in the entire community. Most of the people claim to be in need guns for their self-defense but most of the people misuse them to trouble others. Most suicide and murder cases recently, have been as a course of firearms in most cases; it is not in self-defense (Lott 126).The controlling of firearms that are available to the public, will decrease the lives lost because people will no longer use the guns to cause harm. However, most criminals attack the unarmed people and avoid the armed, as they are harder to prey on. Therefore, as much as the general social safety is enhanced, the individual will not be safe. This is because of insufficient protection and they will fall prey to most criminals. Apart from self-defense, the members of the public who own guns use them for other purposes ways that are productive to the society while others are a threat to the society. The major one is hunting. Hunting is a culture in most communities and the banning of guns means that the culture has to stop its ways of living. It is very hard to find better options for cultures and the public will find it to be a hard task. This may lead some of them to looking for other alternatives that may be poorer and cause more harm to the society (Wuest 116). Firearms have been more protection to the women more than it has to the men. This is because the women are taken to be generally the weaker gender and are therefore more prone to attacks than males are. This is true to some extent because apart from general robbery, women are prone to rape. A woman with a gun is likely to scare of her assailant but an unarmed one is likely to be defeated because she has no protection that would much up to the attacker’s ability (Kleck 126). A national survey indicated that approximately 95 percent of the people with guns just have to wave their weapon to scare the attackers away and prevent the attack overly (Lott 97). Firearms ha ve also caused a lot of harm within the society through accidents. It is generally advised that guns should be locked when in the residences of the users but rarely do people follow this directive. This is because a locked gun has to be unloaded and there is really no need to carry around the gun. This is because it cannot protect the user (Kleck 277). This has led to many people leaving the guns loaded in their homes in places easily reached by the small children The small children are ignorant of the use of a gun and some of the older ones are adventurous. This leads to them using the guns, which inflicts harm to them or to other people around them. Controlling of the ownership of firearms will reduce the accidents in the residences of the owners and therefore reduce the deaths of the innocent children. Another positive effect of the gun power is that there will be expansion of other industries that deal with provision of security. The security industries should be licensed to pos sess guns to safeguard the society. The society will have to look for alternative methods to guard themselves and for self-protection. As a result, the industries that deal with manufacturing the equipment for self-defense will benefit. Protection against burglary in the houses can be maintained by use of a simple anti-theft alarm. This is effective and with no side effects on the owner. In self-defense, Stun and teaser guns are

Whiteness studies Essay Example for Free

Whiteness studies Essay ?In essence, it’s a simple concept: white privilege refers to the both minor and significant advantages that white people have in today’s American society. To be honest reading this article was a huge eye opener for me. I still struggle with both believing that white privilege exists and figuring out how to get rid of it. I have never felt that I was privileged to be white, however, I suppose that could be because as McIntosh states â€Å"whites are carefully taught not to recognize white privilege† After reading McIntosh’s list of the daily effects of white privilege I now understand these privileges and can put myself into the shoes of other non-white individuals to see how they would perceive me as a privileged white woman. I have never thought of myself as being privileged, or better in any way that those that I come in contact with. The concept of white privilege does not deny my individual hardships that I’ve dealt with throughout life. Hardships can be circumstantial, they can be something we are born with, or even something that we cause on our own. These circumstances are for the most part out of our control. Some hardships are related to race, and those who haven’t experienced those particular race-related hardships, I now suppose are white. In most ways conferred dominance and the fact that whites have been labeled as superior in any way is the exact opposite of the way I feel about myself, and the way I view others in my daily life. After reading McIntosh’s article, White Privilege: Unpacking the Invisible Knapsack, I suppose that I do see some advantages that I may have just always taken for granted. The one that may seem silly, but I’ve always wondered about is: why do they only make white â€Å"flesh† colored band aids? I t seems like a no brainer to me to make them in all flesh tones. In my school community which consists of 2nd, 3rd, and 4th grade students I struggle to pick out white privileges. I do not feel that any of our teaching staff or administrators see themselves as dominant over any other race or culture within our school community. I suppose that the fact that our school principal, secretary, and most teachers are white would portray dominance within our race. The majority of our staff speak English, however we do have several bilingual teachers and staff members. In the classroom environment, other than our bilingual classrooms the population of white students is greater than that of any other race. As a teacher I am committed to equality and treating all of my students fairly and as equals in our classroom community. I do not think that 7 and 8 year old white students see themselves as dominant of more important than any other classmate. I can, however see how a Black, Hispanic, or students of other cultural background would feel at times to be the minority. I think that this feeling, however is taught to them at home, or somewhat of a learned feeling of identity. In my school community we do our best to incorporate other cultural history into our curriculum by designing lessons that educate our students about important people in our history from a variety of cultures. The majority of our schools population is comprised of white and Hispanic students. I think that as a whole we could do a better job at integrating more of the Hispanic culture into our school’s curriculum. After reading this article I now find myself more aware of the white privilege that I do hold, and am definitely going to work toward building my daily classroom routines and lessons to include a wider variety of cultures and discuss current events around the globe that my students can relate to.

Civilizations arose Essay Example for Free

Civilizations arose Essay In letter from Birmingham Jail, King considers the question, How can you advocate breaking some laws and obeying others? what is his answer? what do you think of the distinctions he makes? be sure to support your position with evidence taken from your reading, your own experiences and/or your observation of others. By definition, laws must be followed. They are created as guidelines such that there would be peace and order. However, there are those people who do not support the laws; some because they do not know what they are, others because they are just naturally stubborn but there are also those who do not advocate them because they do not believe in what those laws stand for. One classic example of the last reason for disobedience to law can be manifested in Martin Luther King Jr’s Letter from Birmingham Jail. Here the question How can you advocate breaking some laws and obeying others? was asked, to this, he raised the idea of just and unjust laws. Genius as he was, he was able to present a clear explanation of what he meant by such concepts and I am more than impressed with his qualification, which made me agree about his interpretation of this delineation of laws. Indeed, it is justified not to advocate â€Å"unjust† laws because they are not completely binding, thus, are discriminatory over the minority. In the question asked above, King answered â€Å"The answer lies in the fact that there are two types of laws: just and unjust. I would be the first to advocate obeying just laws. One has not only a legal but a moral responsibility to obey just laws. Conversely, one has a moral responsibility to disobey unjust laws. I would agree with St. Augustine that an unjust law is no law at all. †Ã¢â‚¬  For someone to accept King’s argument, his idea of â€Å"just† and â€Å"unjust† laws must first be cleared out. In the said letter, He says â€Å"An unjust law is a code that numerical or power majority group compels a minority group to obey but does not make binding on itself. By the same token, a just law is a code that a majority compels a minority to follow and that it is willing to follow itself† (160). This was corollary to his arrest while doing protest against racial segregation. The protests and Kings confinement ask us about unjust laws, public morality, and ethical behaviors in the society. King talks about the blindness of clergymen and governors and how they do not see African American as a part of the society and their refusal to accept them when in fact, African Americans have taken their parts in the society ever since they came to America. The author questions the churchs authenticity and loyalty over their religious responsibility to guide everyone to the eternal will of God which is peace and love. He also points out how we naturally know what is right and what is wrong because we have moral consciousness. Yet, the American society has not changed a bit. Further distinction between â€Å"just† and â€Å"unjust† laws as presented by King lies on their relationship with the moral law, or that which is according to the law of God. Just laws made by men must be in harmony with eternal and natural laws and that they should be able to uplift human personality, otherwise, they are unjust. Thus, men are to uphold the earlier and by virtue of morality should denounce the latter. He then stressed that segregation statutes are unjust because the practice distorts the human soul and also causes damage to one’s personality. This is because it makes the segregator develop an idea of superiority over the segregated and oftentimes make the latter feel inferior. It creates a separation between â€Å"we† or the majority and â€Å"they† the minority and they usually make the second group feel less about their selves and are actually not treated as equals. This was the scenario that was taking place during that period, there were discriminations against the Negros, and such was strongly opposed by king. Taking all that has been said in the Letter, I am able to derive my own understanding of the just and unjust laws that King was talking about. In my comprehension, he considers a law unjust if it is selectively applicable. This means that a certain law can be bestowed to one but will rule out the other. In simple comparison, it is like politics inside the classroom. There is always this â€Å"in† (i. e. cheerleaders, athletes) group and the â€Å"outcast† (i. e. geeks, nerds, physically challenged, etc) and there are instances that the earlier will come up with something (like parties, games, etc) and they would allow everyone to join except for the â€Å"outcast† group basically because they are outcast and the status quo embraces such tradition thus will not see anything wrong about it. This may seem to be an oversimplification of the idea but that would somehow present the gist of it. The presence of what could be considered as unjust laws can actually still be seen at present. In Islam practicing countries, they have this culture of having certain rules to follow and distance to be maintained when interacting with Na-Mahram or those people other than the members of their family. Thus, if they reacted rudely to the Na-Mahram, their actions would be justified by this certain law or rule. They will be punished if they did wrong to people other than the Na-Mahram otherwise, their action is generally called for. In this scenario, the law or rule only applies to the favor of the Islam practitioner and excludes the Na-Mahram, thus if examined under King’s concept, it is unjust. Moreover, I have read about this country in Asia wherein the President has been ousted out of power and was convicted of a crime of plunder. Unjust application of the law can be seen here because that President did not serve his sentence in prison, rather in one of his mansions claiming to be sick; they called it house arrest. Then, after several years, he was granted absolute pardon by the new President. The worst thing about this is that the deposed President was again given the chance to run for the same government post came Election Day. There is an apparent double standard in the application of the law because of all the favors that this person got as if compared to the common people who had to serve their sentences in the scanty and stinky prison cells, convicted or otherwise. Civilizations arose as early as the practice of socialization began and as early as those times, men are already suffering from unfair treatments. There were different people in different places, but majority of them rather lived under the rules than by the rules because the rules were unethical and inequitable. The history of slavery in America is a good example of unethical conduct. There were rules and laws, but they were for superiors because enslaved people had no rights at all. Moreover, these rules, regulations, and laws were unfair and one-sided. The fight for the right of suffrage is yet another example because although it is a sign of independence, initially, only males of the upper class are allowed to participate. Blacks and women are disregarded; they were exemptions to the rule. Given the understanding of unjust laws, Martin Luther King Jr indeed cannot be blamed for being selective of the laws to follow because certain laws are also selective of their application. Why would one advocate a law that would disadvantage or would undermine him? Laws should be created to provide order and peace so that people will leave in harmony and not to perpetuate the power or dominance of the majority over the minority. All people have rights, thus all people must be equal in front of the law. No man shall be superior over the other and if one errs he shall have the same punishment as the others who committed the same crime. There should be no exemption to this no matter who they are or where they came from. Therefore, if one country, state or nation would want their laws to be advocated by all of their citizens, they must ensure that they create one body of law that would cater to everyone; no exemptions, special treatments or discrimination. Laws are virtuous if they are created and are applied as such; otherwise, disobedience by the marginalized groups could not be prevented nor could be questioned.

How Does Culture Affect Media?

How Does Culture Affect Media? Assignment question: How culture affect media, and media affect culture? Discuss. Introduction How culture affect media and media affect culture? Today in the twenty-first century, there is no doubt that with the social development media and culture have an intimate relationship, which can interactive affect each other. Media culture is the dominant form of culture which socializes us and provides materials for identity in terms of both social reproduction and change. Media can be any means of communication to influence the public broadly, such as television,newspaper,magazines, internet and other communications ways. Media is becoming to an essential part of our social life today. In my opinion, culture is more difficult to define. I found a definition, which is more accurate, is that â€Å"Culture is symbolic communication. Some of its symbols include a groups skills, knowledge, attitudes, beliefs,values, hierarchies and motives. The meanings of the symbols are learned and deliberately perpetuated in a society through its institutions.† In the definition of media and culture both mentioned about communication that can be the most important element for media and culture. It is undeniable that media and culture have an interactive impact for each other. In this subject I am willing to introduce how culture affect the media in the first part, I will describe culture affect media through two aspects which are technological development and different country culture. Then the second part I want to argue how media affect culture through some positive factors and negative factors that media not only bring cultural communication to people, but also may bring some destructive influences on culture. Culture affect media Culture has a huge impact on media communication ways and adoption. I have a point of view that media rapid development and the rise of new media are the result of the cultural needs of people. Science and technology culture Science and technology culture is a significant factor to promote media development. Media technology which enables communication has evolved with time because of the ever-accelerated updating of science and technology. 1. Newspaper Newspaper can be the main communication way in the recent period. Because written communication flourishes of ongoing technology, for instance, the invention of paper and the printing press. Also with the massive use of paper, newspaper as a carrier became the earliest mass media in the world. That read the news on newspaper was nearly the only way for people who want to take the latest information before the invention of television. 2. Television The invention of television was no single event or series of events. It depends on a complex of inventions of development in electricity, telegraphy, photography and motion pictures and radios. It can say to a big step of technology progressive advance. The first TV’s came back In the 1920’s accredited to Scotsman John Baird, then later on in the 1960’s color TV took off, a way of enhancing the viewing experience bringing the viewer closer to the real thing. Television directly leaded to a global media revolution when television started popularized to the average people around the world. Television use electric to transmit active visual image that can let more carrier such as television news, drama and even advertisements can spread information to more people. 3. Internet The advent of the Internet created a new media age after the traditional media. Media communication ways not only be limited to four traditional media of newspaper, magazine, television and radio. The beginnings of computer networks with the Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPAnet) project in 1969 created by the United States Department of Defense. But the Internet actually began to rapid development and commercialization in 1990’s. For example, many valuable and well-known websites such as Google, eBay and Amazon established in 1990’s. After that, the world entered into the network age in the twenty-first century. New media gradually replace the power of traditional media due to the grow up in the cyberculture, also the impact of traditional media is diminishing slowly now. The ever-accelerated updating of science and technology brings a new media heyday for people. In addition, the rise of social media is fast and prosperous on the Internet and smart phone. Social media can be any website, technology or apps to allow people to write, share, discuss and communication. And social media is a platform or tool that people share ideas, experiences and perspectives with each other. And the Apps on the smart phone provided more opportunities to develop social media. I think that the smart phone is a great contribution of science and technological culture, which can changes people ‘s lifestyle and makes the mode of transmission more convenient. The invention of smart phone also accelerates the development of new media. Media structure is constantly changing, we never know how the media will change in the future with the technological progress. Science and technology culture is just one reason affect media. Cultural differences People have different behaviors, beliefs, attitudes, values, hierarchy and religions by cultural differences. I will focus on how different country culture and religious culture affect media next. 1. Different country culture At first, different country cultures always affect media. It is common that people usually have the similar way of thinking in the same country. Nevertheless, different counties must their own culture and lifestyles. So for media, the attitude of government can influence how people to think about media. The media control of government is a very important reason that impact the development of the media in some ways. We can through compare the Chinese media and western media to show the differentiation of media culture between different countries. Western media have the free press that they can report the news more objectives and rational. Government can allow media provide various views to them due to the capitalist system. Media can make a comment on their state leaders or an act of government to their options. In America, media sometimes will make some fun of their president Obama even they will criticize him some conduct if they think it is improper or incorrect. Western media be relaxed and have uncontrolled freedom of speech in the overall environment. But it is rarely possible to happen in China. China is one of only a few remaining socialist countries in the world. That is a unique existence when the world almost combines into a globalization capitalist system. It is exactly because of this socialist culture that Chinese media have been in a very embarrassing situation. The Chinese government has long kept tight reins on both traditional and new media to avoid potential subversion of its authority. Its tactics often entail strict media controls using monitoring systems and firewalls, shuttering publications or website. Chinese media still do not have freedom of speech even they have already improved this situation a lot due to social progress and the development of new media now. Chinese media always report the positive coverage for the reports which involved government. And the attitude of Chinese media is never can say the bad words against the Communist party and government. Especially the traditional media is fully controlled by the government. But the rapid development of the Internet helps people to get more information sources from new media. As a whole, because China is a single-party system country, government will still strictly control the media speech and I think it will be difficult to loosen the control in the future. Socialist culture can be the most important reason to affect the media in China. 2. Religious culture Secondly, religious culture also will affect people have different attitudes for media. The power of religious culture is formidable and unexpected for believers. The core values of religion are beliefs which can affect people’s ideology. But the news generally will involve religious issues sometimes. Inevitably, Media and religions usually have conflicts because some radical words will burn some believers which is religious extremist force up. Some media will yield to the pressures of religions and avoid to mention the sensitive topic of religious culture. Nevertheless, some media not afraid of religious forces. They believe no one can kill their ideas. I want to give an example that everyone must be heard the Charlie Hebdo shooting accident. It is appalling that three heavily armed masked gunmen opened fire in the Paris office of French satirical magazine Charlie Hebdo on Jan 7th, 2015. It resulted in the death of 12 people, including four cartoonists. Gunmen reportedly shou ted We have avenged the Prophet! When they stormed the office. Charlie Hebdo was found in 1970. It uses satire to target politicians, police, bankers and religion with its inflammatory headlines and garish cartoons. This magazine has repeatedly caricatured Muslims and their beliefs finally cause this appalling accident. But many people around the world support Charlie Hebdo to resist this attack and they think Charlie Hebdo can be a symbol of the freedom of speech. People have different beliefs make religious culture sometimes are controversial. Some media ignore to report the religious issues just because they are afraid of the religious extremist force pay attention to them. Media must be more careful to report the topic of religious culture. Media affect culture Nowadays, the rapid development of the media has a huge impact on the communication of cultural exchange in the whole world. For mass media, the paper media started an extensive cultural impact from the beginning, then the digital media significantly affect the cultural communication in the twenty-first century. Although the traditional media have some limitation and unidirectional in some ways to transmit information. But new media have brought a digital communication age for the world, which can eliminate the obstacle of time and space via the media. I willing to focus on how new media affect culture in the following paragraphs. Online culture Online culture has formed from the development of the Internet and new media. An increasingly wide range of information, ways of business, services and entertainment are now commonly make available and accessed online or through digital media. The Internet is regarded as being unique and offering something they cannot get elsewhere. Online culture is an information culture based on the Internet without national boundaries and region. People enjoy the equality, freedom and virtual of the online information. As far as I concerned, media not only has many positive influences on online culture, but also has some negative impacts on it. 1. Communication and exchange Firstly, online culture brings the convenient and efficient communication and exchange for people through constantly the development of the Internet media. In the past, people maybe need to spend a lot of time searching the information before the rise of new media. But now people can find everything they want on the Google. Google is a carrier that has indexed billions of pages and makes it easy for you to find a website or page in an instant. It is no exaggeration to say that Google almost contain the culture of the whole world. Then Wikipedia provide an enormous knowledge network for people as the largest single source of free information in the world. I believe that Google and Wikipedia are irreplaceable media for the developmental progress of online culture. For instance, if we want to learn some information about America history, we will just have to open the Google website and enter the search keywords, then we can find the information in the Wikipedia website that we no longe r need to take some times to find and read books. Personally, all online media fully embody how online culture produce convenience and efficiency to people. Nevertheless, online culture is a double-edged sword. The past fifteen years weve made significant advances in technology. The internet became more popular and then we use many social media to online chat. Now we live in a digital age where almost every people use laptops, smart phone and iPad. Do you feel close to people or further away when we cannot separated from the social media? I dont know how many times Ive sat down in a room full of people and have seen nobody talking to one another. Ill see several people sitting there on their phone or other type of mobile distraction. People are increasingly lack of face to face communication, even always playing smart phone while friends meeting. Stop your smart phone addiction, we should look up at the real world what you are missing around you. Maybe we cannot deny new media bring too many contributions and conveniences for our life and culture, but I hope people can also find some good things around us in the real world instead of alw ays use smart phone and indulge in online culture. 2. The decline of traditional culture Secondly, the rapid development of new media actually impacts some existence of the traditional culture. Online culture is gradually becoming dominant culture while the communication media are continually going through significant transformations in the age of the Internet. However, facing the online culture rising, traditional culture is slowly declining is a crisis that new media bring to us. Because along with the e-book and various apps popularized, which people can finish those all thing just on their phones or computers, there are fewer and fewer people willing to use dictionaries, read newspapers or go to bookstores. I can understand the media development can be a mirror of social progress, but I am not willing to see the decline of reading from paper even many bookstores face collapse. In my hometown, my favorite bookstore has moved to a place where more faraway but have cheaper rent. They cannot pay the expensive rent due to the decline of customers and profits. Although we cannot stop the ever-accelerated development of society, but I hope more people can realize that we need to protect and retain our culture. Children This chapter describes the negative and positive effects of media on children. Computer and other media use can influence children’ s neurological development, cognitive development, sexual behavior, attitudes, knowledge and perceptions of self as well as involving the use of substances such as drugs and alcohol. The positive impact is media produce many learning opportunities to study all aspects of knowledge, and also media enrich the space time of children’ s life. However, negative media effects for children cannot be ignored. For example, children who view a large amount of violent programming, can become desensitized to the violence and become more aggressive in their own play and other behavior. Furthermore, media have negative effects on the health of the children. Children spend too much time listening MP3 will impact their hearing and use phone or computer for a long time will give children decreased vision. In my opinion, parents should encourage children rea d more books and do some outdoors sports. Economic effects New media have already formed industrial clusters to produce the huge effects of social economy and culture. Under the information-based society and market economies conditions, new media became the most important way for the modern economy to keep information communication with the social environment and the target public. In an era of information surplus, If the companies want to survive and development, they will be able to convey the product message to target audience effectively. Today because people devote a significant amount of their daily time to digital channels, the Internet has become a highly precise, interactive mass medium. New media can produce the best possible result for economic effects in public information communications. Business advertising on various digital media, such as search engines, email, social media and Apps. Advertisements make a contribution to business economics and bring great benefits to media at the same time. In addition, the advent of new media also brings the new culture of economic industry, which represented by internet industry, mobile communication industry and digital media industry. Especially, the continuous expansion of the scale of the new media drives the development of other relevant industries, such as website construction, website maintenance, content provide, technical service and other industry developments. New media give a new pattern for economic culture. Cultural globalization Media cross the distance between the people around the world to bring a globalized world for us. Cultural globalization is the inevitable result of social progress. But It is undeniable that the new media is an important role to promote the culture becomes more globalization and cultural fusion. In my opinion, culture has become more globalization with a variety of ways since World War two. Media make the range of cultural communication more broadly. Whatever the traditional media or new media, they both bring culture to people around the world. Social media is one of them have great impact for the communication of culture. The advent of social media makes information sources this proper noun becomes popular. Social media provide an equal and public platform for all people, including government, media, companies, personal and so on that everyone can release the information and see the information on the social media platform. If this platform becomes globalization, it will make people to share the various information and culture more convenient around the world. We are increasingly both bound together and separated by the globalized networks of information communication technology. Regardless of what kind of social media, such as Facebook, YouTube, Google and Twitter, they all play an increasing role in cultural integration and this influence of globalization. Facebook can be a good example to show how social media affects culture. Facebook is the biggest social media website in the world. This social media website has gradually changed people’s life since it founding in 2004. Facebook be successfully developed to have global users, then it resulted in the globalization of information and more cultural exchange. Different cultures are connecting and integrating while people from different places are communicating with each other on Facebook.

Ethics in Business and Accounting in Vietnam Essay -- global business,

1. Introduction: Currently, in the complex global business environment, economic performance alone no longer guarantees business success. One of the integral driving factors for this success is the transparency and integrity of the management system. In many countries, there is enormous number of leading corporations coordinating ethical management into business practices to stay in tune with wider societal values. However, there still exist corporations where profit triumphs all other considerations. In Vietnam, with lax management mechanism and legal loopholes, many monstrous corporate scandals relating to unethical behaviors have been revealed. These corporate scandals extensively hurt public confidence in financial reporting and question the morality of businessman in general and accountants in particular. Confronting with these burning issues, our report aims to provide comprehensive picture about the importance of ethics in business and accounting. Firstly, we will focus on the various perspectives of ethics and how ethics affects enterprise and accountants. Secondly, we present some real-world examples associating with the unethical business practices, which cause irreparable damages for Vietnam economy. Lastly, lessons and recommendations for corporate governance and state administration are raised. 2. The importance of ethics in business and accounting. 2.1. Definition of ethics Ethics is a system of moral principles, with respect to the rightness and wrongness of certain actions and the ends of those actions. 2.2. The significance of ethics in business In modern world, business has experienced the essential role of ethics in many perspectives. Generally, the primary role of ethics is to keep a company and its ... ...ccessed on November 18th, 2013) Phan Cong 2006, â€Å"Vu PMU 18 gay thiet hai it nhat 37 ti dong†. Available at URL: http://www.tienphong.vn/xa-hoi/46365/Vu-PMU18-gay-thiet-hai-it-nhat-37-ty-dong.html (Accessed on November 18th, 2013) Wikipedia 2013, â€Å"Tong cong ty Hang Hai Viet Nam. Available at URL: http://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%E1%BB%95ng_C%C3%B4ng_ty_H%C3%A0ng_h%E1%BA%A3i_Vi%E1%BB%87t_Nam (Accessed on November 18th, 2013) Wikipedia 2013,â€Å"Vu an PMU 18†. Available at URL: http://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%E1%BB%A5_PMU_18 (Accessed on November 18th, 2013) Wikipedia 2013, â€Å"Duong Chi Dung†. Available at URL: http://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C6%B0%C6%A1ng_Ch%C3%AD_D%C5%A9ng (Accessed on November 18th, 2013) Wikipedia 2013, â€Å"Tham nhung tai Viet Nam†. Available at URL: http://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tham_nh%C5%A9ng_t%E1%BA%A1i_Vi%E1%BB%87t_Nam (Accessed on November 18th, 2011)

American Foreign Policy Caused the Vietnam War Essay -- Vietnam War Ess

War in Vietnam is the longest military conflict U.S. were involved in during 20th century. However, 20 years before the official war declaration, in 1944, no one would have ever guessed that the area of South East Asia is going to experience such development. Having approached the Vietnam situation with wrong policy, underestimating the motivation and determination due to historical memory, in the hostile conditions caused US were unable to suppress the communist insurgency in South Vietnam, which later turned into a David vs. Goliath type of conflict. Origins of Conflict In the colonial era, the world was divided into the colonies of European empires. France, among others, used military force and presence to rule in Vietnam and bordering countries, at that time called French Indochina. The French ruled with its army between 1854 and 1884 in the country, and about this time the aversion and disgust of Vietnamese people initiated against the French and other supremacy powers. One of the many effects of World War II was that European states, lost its imperialist and superpower status, as the World slowly shifted into the bipolar era - United States contra Soviet Union. As a consequence, September 2nd, 1945, Vietnam declared independence from French imperialist and the Japanese military, which invaded Indochina (Vietnam) during the World War II. Kevin Reilly in his Readings in the World Civilizations recorded Ho Chi Minh’s speech while declaring the independence of Vietnam in 1945, where Ho Chi Min captured the frustration Vietnamese felt over the 80 years of French dominance. Ironically, Ho Chi Min, out of respect started his speech with the citation of American declaration of independence. He talked about unequal laws, role in ... ...d perhaps applied more reunification talks, consensual & diplomatic politics combined with economic aid and cooperation and tried to persuade Vietnamese just like they did in Western Europe (even though Europe was probably the easier case), instead of supporting undemocratic means of French puppet regime, there might as well would never been a communist insurgence to suppress and Vietnam war to fight. Bibliography Akins, John. Nam Au Go Go, 2005 (1-10). Grantham, Dewey W. Recent America: The United States since 1945, 1998. Herring, George C. â€Å"The Nightmare of Vietnam,† in Oates, Stephen B., Portrait of America, 1987: 410 – 425. Ho Chi Minh, â€Å"The Vietnamese Declaration of Independence,† in Kevin Reilly, Readings in World Civilizations Vol 2., 1992: 278 – 281. Verrone, Richard Burks, Voices from Vietnam: Eye-witness Accounts of the War, 1954- 1975, 2005.

Comparing the Two Pictures of London, Illustrated by Wordsworth and Bla

Comparing the Two Pictures of London, Illustrated by Wordsworth and Blake in Their Two Poems The two poems depicting London by Wordsworth and Blake are in some ways similar and yet have many differences. Both observations of London are depicted through the poets' personal perspectives of London using individual experiences. We can tell that both poems are from the person's interpretations and experiences as they are said in the first person: 'Ne'er saw Ià ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦' in Wordswoths' poem and: 'I wonder through each chartered streetà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦' in Blakes'. Both poems are well structured and use emphatic language. 'Upon Westminster Bridge' is a Petrachran sonnet which expresses strong emotion. It depicts his joy and awe of a beautiful city that is sleeping. It comes across as very optimistic with only positive things to say. The elation is built up through the sonnet using rhyme and emphatic language '... a calm so deep!' and similes are used that portray an underlying theme 'This city now doth, like a garment, wear.' I think this is where the first look at the poem is not enough to fully grasp Wordsworth's meaning. Blake's poem at first glance is very much the opposite: it too uses emphatic language and builds up the feeling through the quatrains which allow his thoughts to progress yet the feeling and emotional outbursts are of a completely different nature. This poem seems pessimistic and has only gloom and negative points mentioned.' In every cry of every man' is different to Wordsworths' depiction of serenity, beauty and calm: 'A sight so touching in its majesty'. The River Thames is used in both poems but is illustrated differently. ... ...hat people are trapped in their social status but it is only in the mind and thoughts can be changed it isn't yet a physical state. This leaves us with optimism of change. Wordsworth although his poem is very optimistic the irony is that it is only captured in one moment. His depiction is not typical. He talks about London being this beautiful thing but he is talking form the panoramic view above it all and more than that he is talking whilst London is asleep leaving us to believe that it will be different, more like Blake's poem once London re-awakens. He talks from a moment in the revolution where ' This city now doth, like a garment, wearà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦' implying it is superficial and normally the city isn't like that. So when looking deeper in to both poems there is an ironic ulterior meaning there which connect the two.

Describe the promotional mix used by two selected organisations Essay

The promotional mix of a business is how a business attempts to communicate with various target audiences and is a key element in the overall marketing mix. Advertising: Tesco advertise there meal deal effectively, they can advertise their product through commercials, posters, leaflets and billboards, which are all effective in getting the message of their product to their customers, but it isn’t the quantity of advertisement that makes the Meal deal effective, the quality of it instead. Tesco advertise the meal deal with a short catchphrase â€Å"Buy any of these for  £3† which is simple and straight to the point. Advertising is one of the key parts of a promotional mix and is the most effective way of Tesco promoting their product. Below is an example of Tesco advert: Here they show the products previous prices through sales compared to its current price with the image of a berry which symbolises Christmas – This makes people want to buy the item for loved ones. Personal selling: Personal selling is where Tesco manage customer relationships. At Tesco this is an effective way of marketing their meal deal, this is because it involves interpersonal contact between the buyer and the seller. The limitation of personal selling at Tesco is that it is very expensive to employ staff to sell the customers, and has not got a good effect on the Meal Deal particularly. An example of personal selling within Tesco is the use of staff in the shop to advise customers on what they want to buy, this may be by dealing to leaflets to people in populated areas, which may have exciting deals in, this helps Tesco attract customers to market. Sales promotion: Sales promotion is how Tesco promote sales etc to the consumers so that people will buy products under sale. Tesco promote the meal deal in this way, for example they may promote a certain sale for a group of products. A good example of this is the â€Å"Buy one get one free† promotion, which is a very effective marketing strategy. Public relations: Public relations is the deliberate, planned and sustained effort to establish and maintain mutual understanding between an organisation and its public. Activities can include organising conferences, open days etc, however this activity is not particularly used with the Meal deal at Tesco. Direct marketing: Direct marketing is used by Tesco to market their meal deal by using a wide range of consumer and business markets. A clear example of how Tesco achieve this is using e-mails and letters, which are sent to customers with the advertised product. Tesco can use direct marketing by specifically targeting the target audience of meal deal – perhaps people at work as they would be able to get a meal deal at lunch break. Sponsorships: Sponsorships are where organisations such as Tesco pay to be associated with a cause. This is evident in Tesco with the Marie Curie Campaign, in which 5% of profit would go to the fight for cancer campaign, which helps Tesco with marketing because people will want to become involved, which means more people will be buying from Tesco. Promotional mix for National Health Service Advertisement: The NHS advertise there service of health effectively, they can advertise their service through commercials, posters, leaflets and billboards. Advertising at the NHS varies to Tesco, as they do not advertise in terms of persuasion to gain profits, they instead advertise to make the public aware of illnesses, diseases etc so that people can respond effectively to this. The below image is an example of NHS’s advertisement Personal selling is where Tesco manage customer relationships. At the NHS personal selling is not really used as the NHS is a service and does not sell products. Public relations: Public relations at the NHS Sponsorships is a very important promotional mix at the NHS, this is important to them because they have links to many charities. One sponsor in particular that the NHS have is the Academic health Science network of North East Cumbria. This makes people appreciate the organisation, as the NHS will have special days where they collect donations for the research organisation. Direct marketing: Direct marketing is not applicable to the NHS because the NHS is a charity funded organisation, which does not run on profit. Therefore they do not use direct marketing in their promotional mix. Sales promotion: As well as Direct marketing, Sales promotion also does not apply to NHS as the NHS do not sell products, instead they offer services. They would intend  to promote their organisation for people to use, however the NHS do not promote to get a profit.

My definition of the american dream

The American dream that made people leave their homelands in the past only remained a dream because there are people who still have not â€Å"made it† in America. There is something amiss in the ruckus that is about the American Dream. On one side, the American Dream remains a dream wherein the corruption and the apathy of people continues to prevent it from coming true while on the other side, the American Dream comes with too high a price. It asks for the individual’s culture, it torments the person and convinces him into thinking that if you do not assimilate the American culture, you will never make it. For instance, the rules for acceptance are subtle enough to be left out in everyday discussions but for the typical alien who is either yellow or black, the message of â€Å"embrace of efface† resounds like a loud gong. The American Dream will always be a Utopian dream until people realize that material wealth is not the only path for success and happiness. For together with the positive values that the American dram has helped to bring about, there is the common criticism that such dream has ultimately resulted in the rejection of that which connects the â€Å"self† to the â€Å"other.† Just as freedom in America has brought about or permitted massive income inequalities, so did American individualism that resulted from this dream, help to produce an atmosphere of egoism and isolationism, and in more extreme cases, perpetuate poverty, racism, sexism, and self-indulgence. When left unchecked, this can cause disunity among our people. Americans should balance individualism with compassion for others. Peak performers who manifest the great American individualist characteristics start with potential. Yet history is littered with the bones of people who never converted potential into achievement. Inherent talents turn useful only when one examines what is his. One trait that makes the United States great is its inclusiveness. Everything gets taken in, including an interesting state of tension between a yearning for achievement on the one hand and the principles of equality on the other. The American dream is a dream that is obtainable but it all depends on one’s attitude. To illustrate this clearly, in Arthur Miller’s Death of a Salesman, the author uses the scene of Willy with Wagner, which is supposed to be just a short encounter with his boss. But as the scene progresses, the readers cannot help but empathize with Willy’s condition. Willy seems to be really stuck in the past. He brings all the promises of a dead man and counts on that more than his relationship with Howard and what was happening between the two of them at that point (Miller). Can we keep our own dreams alive and not get sabotaged by ourselves or by life? The American Dream promises people from all walks of life and all countries of origin that within this land, there is freedom from oppression, freedom from poverty and material wealth but for other people, it will only remain a dream for them. As Langston Hughes remarks,   â€Å"I am the people, humble, hungry, mean–Hungry yet today despite the dream.†Ã‚   There have been casualties during this fight for the American Dream. The land of the free is still a land of oppression and even though people would like to view it as a land of opportunity, it becomes more like a land of deception and false hopes. Another illustration on this issue is on page 77 of Barlow’s book, Between Fear and Hope: Globalization and Race in the United States, he mentions, â€Å"The global era’s pressure means that an increasing number of Americans feel left out of the social order† saying that â€Å"morbid symptoms especially racism and fear of foreigners have appeared. In short, globalization is producing a crisis in the middle-class social order.† (Barlow, p. 77). I think that more than the pressure of globalization on Americans, it is the use of the U.S. globalization as their tool for world domination that is anxiety-provoking. The US, according to many observers uses globalization to make foreign economies open up their markets such that these can be flooded with US-made cars, clothes, food, even movie stars, such that these foreign markets eagerly consume these products without really knowing who in the end benefits from this game. As the capitalist economy of the United States has survived socialism, many foreign nations are now being deprived of much-needed funds for their own development, and are left dependent on foreign made products, which in turn deplete their own dollar reserves. The result is an extreme polarization of wealth, and the overextension of the gap between the world’s richest and poorest nations. This is so true in the sense that in developing nations such as India, there are truly many customers willing to buy the products of the capitalists.   For instance, on the streets of India, we see many billboards of â€Å"Coke†, or of US cigarettes.   A person who purchases this product rarely has the time to ponder on the fact that part of the revenue made out of that sale enriches these already-rich capitalist nations. Perhaps engaging in nationalist policies such as patronizing one’s own products with a matching awareness and education campaign will help make these people realize that it is time to enrich one’s own country first, before contributing to the economies of others. An opportunity lies here because local manufacturers in developing countries will be forced to do more research and development to produce goods and services that can compete with foreign ones. The American dream and globalization play a very important and significant role in sustaining profitability no matter what the enterprise is or where such is located or how it is doing business.   Reality shows that any business enterprise cannot survive without adopting the competitive global business system through the use of technology. Indeed, cultures collide through trade, and whether or not in the process of trading, technology destroys the native arts and dumps down the societies everywhere. The influences of family norms, religion, or manners and even social practices have large influence in overall assessment of globalization.   Focusing on the markets and determining the available freedom exercised in exploring the marketplace are areas affected by these influences.   It is always best to study the mechanics of how the economy works in the real world. Studies show that the measurement of success in the economy is determined by certain formulas and applied economic principles yet one must also realize that creativity and innovations that originate from non-economic background must also be applied to come up with the right kind of mix. Man’s ingenuity, his analytical mind and logical reasoning must be shared, discussed with others who are into the same exercise so that better solutions to problems are formulated to make the country’s economy work in this rapidly changing world. The American dream has swept the manner in which the U.S. is managed as well as policy decisions that were formulated. Works cited Barlow, Andrew. Between Fear and Hope: Globalization and Race in the United States, 2003. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Inc. Miller, Arthur. Death of a Salesman. Hughes, L.   Let America Be America Again. 1938.   Retrieved Jan 2, 2007 at: http://www.poetryconnection.net/poets/Langston_Hughes/2385

Fast Food Business Plan

My business plan is to open a franchise of little Caesars in Jackson Heights, Queens NY. First let’s look at the fast food industry as a whole. History of the industry The concept of fast food is inspired by ancient Rome, in which bread and wine were sold in street-side stalls. In early 20th century In the United States, fast food history is associated with the introduction of drive-in restaurants. Since then, US industry of fast food has come a long way to become the largest fast food industry in the world. One of the pioneers of this field is White Castle, was founded in Kansas, in 1921, one of the major names when it comes to the American fast food sector. In 1930's, the American fast food industry achieved yet another milestone – when Howard Johnson's introduced the concept of franchising restaurants in the United States. NAICS Code and industry Description According to NAICS Fast food restaurant 722211, â€Å"The restaurant industry comprises establishments primarily engaged in providing food services (except snack and nonalcoholic beverage bars) where patrons generally order or select items and pay before eating. Food and drink may be consumed on premises, taken out, or delivered to the customer’s location. Some establishments in this industry may provide these food services in combination with selling alcoholic beverages†. (Census) Growth of Industry Since 1982, consumers starting spent more on fast food as compare to table service restaurant, according to figures this annual growth rate turns into 6. 8% as compare to 4. 7% growth rate through 1997. This amount increased from 29. 3 to 34. 2 % between 1982 and 1997, while the restaurant proportion decreased from 41 to 35. 7 percent. As per a research of â€Å"US Fast Food Market Outlook 2010†, despite the growing concerns such as rising health consciousness and increasing incidences of obesity in the US population the US fast food industry has been witnessing impressive growth for the past few years. This research shows that during the economic down fall it was the only industry that benefited as people have changed their food habits from spending more money on dinning outside at restaurants to fast food products. It was expected that the fast food market will grow at a CAGR of around 5% during 2009-2011. . (Mark) According to the restaurant association in 2010 sales of restaurant industry are $580 billion; these restaurants are located over 945,000 locations, having 12. 7 million employees (one of the largest private-sector employers) across United States of America. Here are some more facts about restaurant industry: * $1. 6 billion: Restaurant-industry sales on a typical day in 2010. * $2,698: Average household expenditure for food away from home in 2008. * 40 percent of adults agree that purchasing meals from restaurants and take-out and delivery places makes them more productive in their day-to-day life. 73 percent of adults say they try to eat healthier now at restaurants than they did two years ago. * 57 percent of adults say they are likely to make a restaurant choice based on how much a restaurant supports charitable activities and the local community. * 78 percent of adults say they would like to receive restaurant gift cards or certificates on gift occasions. * 52 percent of adults say they would be more likely to patronize a restaurant if it offered a customer loyalty and reward program. 57 percent of adults say they are likely to make a restaurant choice based on how much a restaurant supports charitable activities and the local community. * 56 percent of adults say they are more likely to visit a restaurant that offers food grown or raised in an organic or environmentally friendly way. * 78 percent of adults agree that going out to a restaurant with family or friends gives them an opportunity to socialize and is a better way to make use of their leisure time than cooking and cleaning up. National restaurant association-1) In New York restaurant industry is a major source of power in the state’s economy. This industry has key contribution to tax revenues. Restaurant industry is providing jobs to thousands of people; it is becoming an emerging career option to people. They are giving the people nutritious and healthy Manu options to their customers. Re staurant industry is dedicated to protect their environment in these 4 areas, and to reduce their impact on the environment in four key areas: * profitability and entrepreneurship, * jobs and careers, * food and healthy living, and sustainability and social responsibility According to the restaurant association â€Å"New York alone has more than 38,596 eating and drinking places, with a projection to register $ 29 billion sales in 2010. In New York in restaurant industry there are 673,800 employments. Here are some more important facts that contribute in the restaurant industry in state’s economy: * New York’s restaurants generate an additional $. 98 in sales for the state economy against every $1. * In New York’s eating and drinking places generates an additional 23. 4 jobs in state against every extra $1 million. The restaurant job ratio of in New York is 8 percent of employment. * By 2020 this It is expected that this industry will be able to reach 10. 4% jo b growth. (National restaurant association-2) According to Construction Forecasts News & Analysis One of the major factors of fast food industry’s popularity is that they offer low and affordable prices with lots of other benefits together, despite the fact that this industry like other industries of world is face up to lots of problems one like rising prices of energy and food. However it is not been completely overcome the price hike issue. At the same time the hazards of fast food are now becoming well known and add to it another major threat to fast food industry is the increase of the number of good dinners. From the past year’s experience it is expected from the fast food industry to charge a bit more from the full service restaurant as the customer focuses on the dinners special and values. According to FDA figures â€Å"Quick service restaurants are projected to post sales of $164. 8 billion in 2010, a gain of 3. 0 percent over 2009. Sales at full-service restaurants are projected to reach $184. 2 billion in 2010, an increase of 1. 2 percent in current dollars over 2009† †. It is been expected from the eating-and-drinking place segment increase by 4. 5% to show the strongest growth in 2010. This is expected from fast food industry among all commercial industry segments that the strongest growth is in retail-host restaurants with a 4. 9 percent sales increase (this segment includes the food places located in gas/service stations and drug and grocery stores). (FDA-1) A big highlight of fast food industry is the availability of meals that meet a person’s requirements. This gives a sigh of relief to those parents or partners who have to travel between work and home for a big part of the day. With a lot of variety of delicacies like fish and chips, vegetarian and non-vegetarian burgers and pizzas are served with complimentary alcohol and carbonated drinks at many of these fast food restaurants. Though accessories like coleslaw, baked potatoes and mushy peas gives the solution to have vegetables in meals but the intake of fried food is making the new age child far from the balanced diet. There are lots and lots of varieties of fast food chains like Subway, Burger King, McDonald’s, Pret-a-Manger and Pizza Hut accommodate the demands for seafood, lean meat, special diet meal components, and other considerable regional variations. Experiments within the fast food industry had created new products like snacks such as sandwiches and baguettes. Fast food industry is also fulfilling the customer’s demand of dry of semi-dry meals which the customer can cook those meals in their own kitchen with less amount of time. Most fast food restaurants are now combining different style of food which is related to different cultures. This industry now flourishes on international appeal promoted by niche chains. At many outlets and drive-ins, the customers can see the food being prepared, so that they can be satisfy that the food they are going to have in that fast food restaurant is completely safe and made in hygienic conditions. Unvarying menus, special traded marks and a unique atmosphere can be observed at these take-away services and sit-ins all over the world. Eat-on-the-go is another unique style of fast food which just not removes the need for traditional cutlery, but also provides the choice to the customers to treat their foods in their own traditional or cultural style in their own selected atmosphere. The common menus include pitas, fried chicken, nuggets and tacos, served along with complimentary salads and breads. The fast food industry is now operating independent vendors. These venders have set standardized cooking, and production methods, and easy availability of low-cost delicacies. In 2009 because of the economic fall the restaurant industry also lost jobs. Regardless of the losses, the industry is still outperforming the national economy, and job growth is expected to resume in 2010. Still this industry remains one of the nation's largest private sector employers with its 12. million employees. By 2020, the industry is expected to employ 14 million more people with an increase of 1. 3 million jobs. Colorado is expected to post the strongest sales growth in 2010 at 2. 9 percent (2010 industry sales of $8. 7 billion), followed by Idaho at 2. 8 percent ($1. 6 billion). Forecasted to post growth of 2. 7 percent: New Jersey ($12. 8 billion), New York ($29. 0 billion), North Car olina ($12. 8 billion) and Texas ($34. 8 billion). The top states by restaurant sales volume in 2009 will be California at $58. 0 billion (2. percent growth); Texas at $34. 8 billion (2. 7 percent growth); New York at $29. 0 billion (2. 7 percent growth); Florida at $27. 6 billion (2. 4 percent growth); and Illinois at $18. 7 billion (1. 9 percent growth). In American from last few years people are been converted in to fast food choices . as in 1970, the Americans spent a total of $6 billion on fast food – the same am the same amount increased to $110 billion by 2000. According to the fast food industry statistics, this industry experienced an overall growth of 4. 8 percent in 2006 alone. Mark D) Even though, economically we are still in resection but expectations look quite positive from this industry. The following table looks at the forecast PE ratios of some of the company’s competitors: (Stock Market review) Market Share According to the stock market analysis the top players of this industry are McDonald’s, Yum! Brand, Wendy’s/Arby’s, Starbucks, Burger king, and Doctors Assoc/Subway, the following chart shows the market share of selected competitors: Company| Revenues (M)| Net Income (M)| Net Margin| Restaurants| Franchised %| McDonald's (MCD)| $22,745| $4,551| 20. %| 32,478| 81%| Yum! Brands (YUM)| $10,836| $1,083| 10. 0%| 37,000| | Starbuck’s (SBUX)| $9,775| $391| 4. 0%| 16,635| 47%| | | | | | | | | | | | | Wendy's International (WEN)| $3,581| $4| 0. 1%| 6,451| 80%| Burger King Holdings (BKC)| $2,537| $200| 7. 9%| 11,925| 88%| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Data from company FY 2009 annual reports (CKE data from FY annual, ended January 31, 2010). (Stock Market review-1) Although from the above figure it is very obvious that McDonald’s has a clear edge over all his competitors, but still this industry is the best example of perfect competition. In economic theory,  perfect competition  describes markets such that no participants are large enough to have the market power  to set the price of a homogeneous product. Because the conditions for perfect competition are strict, there are few if any perfectly competitive markets. Still, buyers and sellers in some auction-type markets say for commodities  or some financial assets may approximate the concept. Perfect competition serves as a benchmark against which to measure real-life and imperfectly competitive markets†. (Michael R. Baye) Profitability of the industry under perfect competition As I said fast food industry is an example of perfect competition market, so the question is how much control an individual company has to determine the price or decide the profit margin? To answer this question we need to look at the theoretical concept of economic, as per the economic concept; â€Å"In contrast to a monopoly  or oligopoly, it is impossible for a firm in perfect competition to earn economic profits  in the long run, which is to say that a firm cannot make any more money than is necessary to cover its economic costs. In order not to misinterpret this zero-long-run-profits thesis, it must be remembered that the term ‘profit' is also used in other ways. Neoclassical theory defines profit as what is left of revenue after all costs have been subtracted, including normal interest on capital plus the normal excess over it required to cover risk, and normal salary for managerial activity. Classical economist’s on the contrary defined profit as what is left after subtracting costs except interest and risk coverage; thus, if one leaves aside risk coverage for simplicity, the neoclassical zero-long-run-profit thesis would be re-expressed in classical parlance as profits coinciding with interest in the long period, i. e. the rate of profit tending to coincide with the rate of interest. Profits in the classical meaning do not tend to disappear in the long period but tend to normal profit. With this terminology, if a firm is earning abnormal profit in the short term, this will act as a trigger for other firms to enter the market. As other firms enter the market the market supply curve will shift out causing prices to fall. Existing firms will react to this lower price by adjusting their capital stock downward. This adjustment will cause their marginal cost to shift to the left causing the market supply curve to shift inward. However, the net effect of entry by new firms and adjustment by existing firms will be to shift the supply curve outward. The market price will be driven down until all firms are earning normal profit only†. (Michael R. Baye-1) It is important to note that perfect competition is a sufficient condition for allocate and productive efficiency, but it is not a necessary condition. In perfect competition if a company want to control price in the market it is important for the company to get involve in some kind of merger activities which give the company some extra powers over pricing a good example of such an activity is to bound the suppliers in some kind of contracts and restricting then to supply their products to your competitors. As we have seen this industry is growing with every passing year, so let’s discuss some of the marketing plan for the business in general the marketing plan for Little Caesars Pizza analyzes the company’s present state, the environment in which the company is competing in, and projections for the upcoming year. As a new location for the current franchise owners in a severely competitive market, many solutions will be offered to help Little Caesars Pizza advance in its market share locally here in Jackson Heights, Queens NY. We will build on the main corporate vision of Little Caesars Pizza, which is â€Å"To be the best take-home pizza chain by exceeding customer expectations with extraordinary value, great tasting products, and outstanding people while providing strong returns to our stakeholders† (â€Å"Little Caesars Pizza – Franchise Opportunities: About Us† 2011). A set of goals have been organized, all of which will contribute to the success of this franchise location in the upcoming years. We analyze its strengths and weaknesses that this particular Little Caesars Pizza is facing in its current atmosphere. The strengths including quality customer service through family owned franchises, constantly expanding into new markets and quality products are essential to it and must continually be emphasized throughout the organization. Other opportunities are laid out that must be taken advantage of for growth to occur. After analyzing and averaging data of current operations we have calculated projected gross sales to be around $382,225. 00. Expenses and taxes would be taken from this to reach a net income for the year. The organizational structure of the Little Caesars Enterprises is quite structured. The family oriented atmosphere that it continues to impose in its franchises help develop a more personable relationship with its customers and develop a strong and healthy work environment. Little Caesars is an industry leader and will continue to grow in its current operations. Strategic Plan/ Focus The following portion demonstrates four aspects of Little Caesars Pizza’s business strategy influencing in our marketing plan. (1) The mission/vision, (2) goals, (3) core competence/sustainable competitive advantage, and (4) Corporate Philosophy of Little Caesars Pizza. 1 – Mission/Vision The mission of Little Caesars Pizza is, as described on the corporate web-site: â€Å"To be the best take-home pizza chain by exceeding customer expectations with extraordinary value, great tasting products, and outstanding people while providing strong returns to our stakeholders† (â€Å"Little Caesars Pizza – Franchise Opportunities: About Us† 2006). The Radford Manager agrees that they follow the corporate mission statement and use it as a model in day to day operations. 2 – Goals Little Caesars Pizza maintains a strong focus on value, great tasting pizza, and convenience. †¢ Financial Goals To make enough profit to exceed the initial start-up cost of the franchise. * To minimize expenses while still offering premium ingredients and customer service. * To increase sales by 10% from the first year of operation through promotion and customer service. †¢ Non-Financial Goals * To uphold the corporate mission/vision. * To obtain a good reputation m ainly from the student population as getting their money’s worth and holding a good customer relationship while maintaining outstanding customer service. * To create and maintain a happy and healthy work environment – Core Competencies and Sustainable Competitive Advantage When discussing Little Caesars Pizza’s core competency, there are two main objectives it seeks to achieve: (1) Supply convenient high-quality, competitively priced, pizza to the community’s population. (2) To deliver the pizza products in a timely manner with exceptional customer service. To transform these core competencies into a sustainable competitive advantage, Little Caesars will maintain quality relationships with its suppliers while continuing to emphasize customer service to employees. – Corporate Philosophy At the heart of Little Caesars Pizza’s philosophy is a profound commitment to give back to the communities that sustain its business. Little Caesars Pizza and its franchisees are devoted to numerous organizations throughout the United States. One of the most significant programs Little Caesars has founded is a nationally recognized program called the Love Kitchen, a pizza restaurant on wheels, and was established in 1985 by Little Caesars founders to feed the homeless and hungry in the United States and Canada. Since its start, the Love Kitchen has fed more than 1. 5 million people in need. In addition to visiting soup kitchens and homeless shelters, the Love Kitchen also responds to disasters, including the recent hurricanes in the Gulf Coast area, the site of the World Trade Center attacks on September 11, 2001, and the Alfred P. Murrah Federal Building bombing in Oklahoma City in 1995. The Little Caesars Love Kitchen has received presidential declaration from the Reagan, Bush and Clinton Administrations, as well as a certificate of appreciation from the State of Michigan. Its franchisees support the Love Kitchen by providing food and labor for servings in their markets. There are no fees associated with the Love Kitchen for the driver, the vehicle, or fuel. Franchisees find it very rewarding to support the Love Kitchen in their communities. (â€Å"Little Caesars Pizza – Franchise Opportunities: Philosophy†, 2011) Target Markets The primary target market for Little Caesars Pizza is middle and low income families who desire to pay a low amount of money for a large portion of food to feed their family members. The secondary market consists of students who have little or no income and rely on part-time jobs or money from elsewhere to fund their food budget. Points of Difference The â€Å"points of difference† that differentiates the company from its competitors fall into three important areas: †¢ Superior Ingredients. Little Caesars uses superior ingredients and offers a variety of foods which includes sandwiches and side items. Compared to other pizza places that only focuses on one product which is pizza. †¢ Family Owned Environment. The owners of the Little Caesars Pizza value customer service and satisfaction and emphasize this to its employees. †¢ Affordability. The fast food industry provides a variety of cheap menu items which makes it affordable to many people. Positioning In the past, pizza products have been either fast but lacked quality or focused on quality but was time consuming, but not both. Little Caesars Pizza combines these two desirable characteristics to obtain a positioning in consumers’ minds as fast and high quality pizza, which allows customers to order them fresh out of the oven and tasty (Little Caesar Enterprises, Inc. 2011). Marketing Program The four marketing elements that are used by Little Caesars are explained in detail below. The promotion strategy is the most evident with the Hot-N-Ready deal that it offer. Product Strategy Little Caesars is known for its pepperoni and cheese pizzas being readily available whenever you want. It also offer different crust styles, bread products, wings, sandwiches, and salads. Little Caesars emphasizes its use of only the finest ingredients to serve the highest quality products to its customers that are expecting more for their money. Product Line Online menu: Original Round Pizza-(12†, 14†, 16†,* 18†*) Deep Dish Pizza-(medium or large) Pizza by the Slice-(cheese or pepperoni) Baby PAN! PAN! -(two individual-sized deep dish pizzas w/ cheese and pepperoni) Crazy Bread-(8 sticks, topped with butter, garlic, and Parmesan cheese) Crazy Sauce-(Little Caesars exclusive tomato sauce) Italian Cheese Bread-(bread covered with melted cheese topped w/ Italian spices) Caesar Wings-(Hot, medium, or mild chick wings: 5, 10, 20, 30 pieces) Caesar Sandwiches*-(Italian, Ham and Cheese, Tuna) Salads-(Greek, Tossed, ; Antipasto w/ choice of dressing: individual ; family) Toppings: extra cheese, pepperoni, Italian sausage, ham, beef topping, green pepper, onion, black olive, mushroom, bacon, pineapple, banana pepper rings, tomato, and anchovies Typical Menu: Cheese only 1st pizza 2nd pizza Toppings 12† medium $7. 49 $6. 00 $0. 75 each 14† large $9. 49 $7. 00 $1. 00 each 16† x-large $11. 49 $8. 00 $1. 25 each Specialty Pizzas: Meat sauce, Veggie, Supreme, Pepperoni 1st pizza 2nd pizza 12† Medium $9. 49 $6. 00 14† Large $12. 49 $7. 00 16† X-Large $15. 49 $8. 00 Stuffed Crust: additional $2. 0 for any size pizza (Mozzarella Stuffed Crust) Additional Items: Wings (BBQ, Italian, Hot) $0. 40/each Crazy Bread and Sauce $2. 49 Slices (Pepperoni or Cheese) $1. 59 Soft Drinks (20 oz / 2-Ltr) $1. 09/ $1. 99 Coke, Diet Coke, Sprite, Dasani Unique Product Quality. Mentioned earlier, Little Caesars uses the best ingredients to serve its customers the h ighest quality products. The dough that it uses is always fresh which uses flour that is specially milled every day. Its special blends of cheeses are never frozen and it also uses the vine-ripened tomatoes to make the sauce, along with Little Caesars’ secret blend of spices. Packaging. Little Caesars uses its boxes to advertise its number one promotion. The pizza boxes are covered with the Hot-N-Ready logo. You can also find a few coupons on the box to be cut out and used. This helps bring its customers back by reminding them of the great deals Little Caesars’ offer every time its customer goes back for another piece of pizza. Price Strategy Affordability is Little Caesars number one price strategy. Its most recognized price strategy, as mentioned before, is the Hot-N-Ready pizzas for five dollars. This is its main price strategy however it also offers deals on the second pizza that you order at a set price. Little Caesars tries to make its food more desirable through price creating the attitude that you can get more for your money with convenience and great taste. Promotion Strategy The promotion strategy that Little Caesars has is primarily the Hot-N-Ready pizzas for five dollars. By having the Hot-N-Ready offer, it attracts many families that need a sufficient meal quick and cheap. Instead of delivering these pizzas, Little Caesars wants to make its customers experience a more personal approach by having its customers pick up their pizzas. This helps the customers build a relationship with Little Caesars and keeps them coming back for more, which other companies lack by using the delivery service. This company does a great thing for families; with pizza being such a hot commodity these days, it is offering great convenience for little money (Little Caesar Enterprises, Inc. , 2011). Little Caesars also has certain promotions like Family Fun Pack, where Hasbro has combined with Little Caesars to have a drawing for four Hasbro games and one Family Pizza Party. It also offers sports deals for the sports fans. Little Caesars focuses on cheap and convenient food and achieve this with all its promotions. Little Caesars expectation of growth comes from its strategic planning and development. These strategies will be shown in the opening of more franchises and the spreading of its innovative promotional tactics; most recently the Hot-N-Ready slogan. This slogan is meant to aim towards value-oriented markets and focus on the quality of the Little Caesars product. Implementing these strategies of quality, freshness, and including price; with their $5 pizza deal, will help the company increase revenues, broaden its market, and grow as a company. The local Little Caesars in Radford should focus on implementing more advertising and low-cost student discounts. As the only advertising they do now is done all by corporate as part of the franchise, no additional campaign is done on the owners’ behalf. Also it should consider the delivery option due to the main target market locally is students, due to the lack of ability of and/or willingness of students to pick-up their own pizza. This poses a big problem with the local Little Caesars because competitors like Highlander’s and Mike’s Pizza are providing a good product with convenience of free delivery. Marketing on Campus with flyers and coupons should be a focus as well as to obtain recognition of the students. Most students do not go through catalogs or look online for food deals; they simply use what is given to them and what they know. Work cited Census: U. S. Census Bureau code and description of industry 2007, retrieved on 03-30-2011 http://www. census. gov/cgi-bin+/sssd/naics/naicsrch FDA-1: According to FDA figures â€Å"Quick service restaurants are projected to post sales of $164. 8 billion in 2010, a gain of 3. 0 percent over 2009. Retrieved on 03-31-2011 from http://www. da. gov/food/ FDA-2: According to the FD;C Act is protected through episodic unannounced inspections of facilities and products, educational activities, analysis of samples, and legal proceedings. Retrieved on 03-31-2011 from http://www. fda. gov/food/ FDA-3: According to FD;C local governments inspect restaurants, fast food spots and similar outlets, U. S. State and Local Governments is doing an impor tant role in these federal efforts, state and local governments are extremely active in the food inspection. Retrieved on 03-31-2011from http://www. fda. gov/food/ FDA-4: According to FDA Trend Analysis Report on the Occurrence of Food borne Illness Risk Factors in Selected Institutional Foodservice, Restaurant, and Retail Food Store Facility Types (1998-2008). Data items Showing Statistically Significant Improvement in fast food industry. Retrieved on 03-31-2011 http://www. fda. gov/food/labelingnutrition/default. htm FDA-5: According to FDA Trend Analysis Report on the Occurrence of Food borne Illness Risk Factors in Selected Institutional Foodservice, Restaurant, and Retail Food Store Facility Types (1998-2008). Percentage of observations found in compliance for each risk factor. Retrieved on 03-31-2011 http://www. fda. gov/food/labelingnutrition/default. htm Hoover: According to construction forecasts, take information from Hoovers Retrieved on 04-02-2011, from www. hoovers. com Hoover-1: According to construction forecasts, take information from Hoovers Retrieved on 04-02-2011, from www. hoovers. com Mark: According to Causes and Consequences of Fast Food Sales Growth written by Mark D. Jekanowski, Retrieved on 03-15-2011 www. econ. ag. gov Mark D: According to Causes and Consequences of Fast Food Sales Growth written by Mark D. Jekanowski, retrieved on 03-15-2011 www. con. ag. gov Michael R. Baye: According to Managerial Economics and the Business Strategy 7e, Retrieved on 04-02-2011. Michael R. Baye-1: According to Managerial Economics and the Business Strategy 7e, Retrieved on 04-02-2011. National restaurant association-1: According to the restaurant association in 2010 sales of restaurant industry are $580 billion; these restaurants are located over 945 ,000 locations, having 12. 7 million employees (one of the largest private-sector employers) across United States of America. Retrieved on 03-28-2011 from http://www. restaurant. rg National restaurant association-2: According to the restaurant association â€Å"New York alone has more than 38,596 eating and drinking places, with a projection to register $ 29 billion sales in 2010. Retrieved on03-28-2011 from http://www. restaurant. org/pdfs/research/state/newyork. pdf Stock Market review: According to the stock market analysis, the forecast of future growth rate of top companies in the industry. Retrieved on 04-05-2011 from http://www. stockmarketsreview. com/recommendations/mcdonalds_report_20101115_59520/ Stock Market review-1: According to the stock market analysis, the market share of top companies in the industry. Retrieved on 04-05-2011 from http://www. stockmarketsreview. com/recommendations/mcdonalds_report_20101115_59520/ Franchising. Com: http://www. franchising. com/littlecaesarspizza/? p=press;id=165 Hoovers: http://www. hoovers. com/free/co/factsheet. xhtml? COID=59853;cm_ven=PAID;c m_cat=BUS;cm_pla=CO1;cm_ite=Ilitch_Holdings Little Caesars Pizza – Franchise Opportunities: About Us. 2011: http://franchise. littlecaesars. com/STEP1Research/MissionStatement/tabid/60/Defaul t. aspx.